Big Bottom
The Ohio Company was sitting on a sizeable chunk of
Ohio real estate, and there was pressure to make some money as well as relieve
some of the pressure on the Marietta Settlement by offering "donation" land.
A portion of those donation lands lied about thirty miles north up the
Muskingum River's mouth at Marietta and were already new settlements formed at
Waterford (future Fort Frye, now modern Beverly, OH) a the Wolf Creek settlement
near to it.
Further up the Muskingum to the north was the next parcel of
donation lands at Big Bottom, so-called becuase a bend of the Muskingum had
created a flat bottom that ran for 4-5 miles, and was said to the best land
south of Wite Eye's Towns (later Duncan Falls), and the Indian town at Gay
Sport. Above the bottom, was an ancient flood bench, or second bottom about half
a mile wide that extended to the base of the ridge or hill line.
In the
fall of 1790, in conjunction with the Ohio Company's expansion, 36 men having
won the lottery for the lands, began a new settlement at Big Bottom. They began
work on a free standing block house, a pistol shot up on the east bank of the
Muskingum on the Big Bottom. It was said that the men were mostly restless,
adventurous unmarried lads, "little acquainted with Indian warfare, or military
rules" and service.
Against advice to wait until Spring, they went as a
group and started work on the blockhouse. But they were not the best of
fortification builders, and built a communal blockouse of beech logs so poorly
fitted that there were gaps between the logs. They were also macho, and were
confidently they could lick several times their numbvers in Indians, and decided
not to build any palisades or walls. As the blockhouse was finished, they
started working on cabins of their own, failing to mount guards or post
sentries.
About 20 men stayed in the blockhouse, their guns scatterd
around the blockhouse. At the opposite end of the first floor, from the
door, was a fireplace, which was used for a communal or private meal at the end
of the work day.
But the men were not the most ambitious, and they had
hacked out only a small clearing around the blockhouse, while other lads had
taken up their plots, built small cabins, and were working on clearing their own
places. They had been chastised and criticised by Colonel Stacey when he
visited, having skated on ice skates up the frozen Muskingum River from Marietta
shortly before. Stacey had been at the Cherry Valley for the "massacre" when
Butlers' Rangers and Seneca attacked the town and fort in New York in
1778.
The Winter of 1790-1791 was a record cold one. Since December 22,
1790, the river had frozen completely over, something usualally not seen at all,
or if see happens only in mid January on the rarest of occassions. A minor thaw
took place at the beginng of January rather than at the end of February, and on
January 2, the snow melted a wee bit, but not enough to melt much of the white
ground cover.
About 325 feet north of the blockhouse, Francis and Isaac
Choate, had built a small cabin for themselves and were working to clear some of
the parcel of land with the help of two hired men, James Batten and Thomas Shaw
who lived with them.
About 325 feet to the south of the blockhouse, lived
Asa and Eleazar Ballard who had purchased their plot a few years before from
Virginia, before the Ohio Company, and who lived in a cabin built in an old
clearing.
And as I have shared before, about settlers ending up on or
near Indian trails, there just happened to be a major Indian war trail leading
from the Sanduskly Towns down to the mouth of the Muskingum at Marietta. The
trail followed the ridge to the west, running north to south, opposite Big
Bottom.
That Winter, the Indians had planned a major war party to wipe
out the new settlement at Waterford by attacking and elimnating the isolated
cabins one by one as they found them. They were coming down the war trail,
and the western ridge, and saw smoke. Curious, as there had been nothing
there at Big Bottom, they observed from the ridge, and spied the new blockhouse.
A quick study showed the men loitering in and around the blockhouse, as well as
their poor state of guard and poorer defenses. A council was called, and a
plan quickly worked out.
The Wyandottes, Lenape (Delaware), and possibly
some Shawnee in the 25 man war party descended the ridge through the forest a
little north of the blockhouse. There they saw the smoke rising from the
Choate cabin, and found the cabin. They modified their plan of attack, and
divided themselves into two groups. The larger group was to attack the
blockhouse, while a smaller group was to rush the Choate cabin and capture the
inhabitants before an alarm could be given.
The small party approached
the Choate cabin unnoticed. The Choate brothers, Shaw and Batten were
inside having their supper. While a few waited outside, several opened the
door and went inside, speaking to the Whites in a friendly way. The
Whites, figuirng they were friendly Delaware hunters, invited them to stay and
share supper with them. The Indians outside went in, and all managed to find a
place to sit and share in the meal. Several of the Indians took
notice of the guns in the room, as well as several thongs hanging form a roof
beam. They jumped up, grabbed the Whites, and in a few seconds had them
captured and tied up with their own leather thongs.
About the same time,
the larger party had approached the blockhouse. They were surprised and
pleased, as the Whites often had very good watch dogs, but there were not
around, as they were inside the blockhouse sleeping near the fire due to the
extremely cold weather outside.
A large Indian jerked open the unbarred
door, blocked the door from closing with his body, as the other Indians rushed
into the doorway yelling. As fast as they could, they fired at the Whites
standing in front of the fire talking and warming themsleves.
Zebulon
Throop, a Massachusetts man, was frying a piece of meat in the fire, and a shot
killed him and knocked him into it. Several men stanidng next to him were hit
and fell to the floor, their rifles and muskets stacked carelessly in a corner
of the room and out of their reach even if they had had any time to
react.
Two Indians rushed into the blockhouse tomahawking all within
their reach. The wife of Virginian Isaac Meeks, who was employed as a hunter for
the settlement, recovered first and grabbed up an axe and aimed a blow at the
head of the large Indian holding the door open. He twisted and ducked his
head, trying to avoid the worst of the blow but the axe continued on its arc and
cut through half of his face and into his shoulder. Mrs Meeks cocked the
axe for a second blow, but an Indian rushed over and struck her down with a
tomahawk, killing her instantly.
Somehow the Indians failed to see 16
year old Phillip Stacey, the son of Colonel William Stacy, dive into a pile of
loose bedding piled in the corner and scurry into hiding as hs brother John
spang up the ladder to the second floor of the blockhouse. John kicked out
some wooden roof shakes, and climbed out onto the blockhouse roof.
But,
Indians who had bene posted outside to guard against any Whites escaping, spied
him. John pleaded for mercy to the Indians below, saying he was the only
survivor. As he was shouting, his yells were heard by the two Ballard
brothers, who having the shots from thier cabin, were already running to the
blockhouse. Seeing the indians around the blockhouse shoot John Stacey off
of the roof, they turned on their heels and bolted back to their cabin to get
their rifles which they had forgotten to take with them. But, as they
neared their cabin, they saw it surrounded by Indians as well, and they heard
the crash of their door being kicked in. They turend away, and ran for the
safety of the woods, before they figured on the Indians haivng found their large
fire and hot supper on their table, figure the cabins owners were near by.
Meanwhile at the blockhouse, the Indians finished off any wounded
Whites, and collected all of the scalps. The scalps taken, they turned
their attention to plunder. As they rummaged through the pile of bedding,
they found Phillip Stacey. Several warriors raised their tomahawks to kill
him, but he jumped up and fell at the feet of a chief, begging for his
life. For unknown reasons, it actually worked, and the chief spared him is
life.
The Indians ransacked the blockhouse for anything of value, which
they carried outside, making piles, and placing some items on the tops of the
stumps out of the snow. Going back inside, they started to rip up the
puncheon floor boards to build a bonfire. The floor boards were fired
with wood from the fireplace, and the interior of the blockhouse with its
corpses went up in flames. But, only the floors and roof burned, as the
walls had bene made from green beech, which would not catch fire.
Inside,
were the partially burned bodies of twelve: John Stacey, Ezra Putnam (son of
Major Putnam), John Camp, and Zebulon Throop from Massachusetts, Jonathan
Farewell and James Couch from New Hampshire, William James from Connecticut,
John Clark from Rhode Island, Isaac meek, his wife, and two children from
Virginia.
A fanciful artist's depiction done in 1856 of the Big Bottom
blockhouse:
The two Ballard brothers, Asa and Eleazar, having
forgotten their guns, and having returned to their cabin to find it surrounded
by Indians, had rushed off into the woods hoping that they had not been seen, or
that the obvious tracks they left in the snow would ot be discovered by the
Indians focused on looting and burning their cabin. They turned left at
the frozen Muskingum, just a few dozen yards from their cabin, and headed
downriver toward the closest help, that of Samuel Mitchel's hunting camp, about
four miles off on the same side.
At Mitchel's hunting camp, was 50 year
old Captain Joseph Rogers, who had been with Daniel Morgan's riflemen during the
Rev War, and who was employed as both a hunter for Marietta, was well as a
spy. Living with him, was a Mohican (more likely a Mohegan) Indian by
the name of Dick Layton. Sam Mitchel was too there, his having gone to the
Wolf Creek mills. Rogers and Layton were sleeping outside, wrapped up in their
blankets against the cold near a campfire. They awoke at the approach of
the Ballards.
Figuirng that the large numer of Indians meant trouble for
the Wolf Creek mills and the Waterford Settlement, Rogers and Layton grabbed up
their rifles, and with the Ballard brothers, crossed the bend on the frozen
Muskingum, and headed cross-coutry to warn the settlers at Wolf
Creek.
When they got there, duirng the dark of night, as they made their
way from cabin to cabin, they found that the majority of the men were away,
down in Marietta attending the court of the Quarter Sessions for that Monday.
(There being no fear of Indians due to the treaty of 1789, and the fact that it
was in in the dead of Winter when the Indians were not active.)
Rogers
took charge, and collected and orgnaized the roughly 30 settlers, mostly all
women and children, into the largest and most "fortified" log cabin that
belonged to Colonel Oliver, and that was cloest to the mills (nicknamed
Millsburgh). Oliver had built a two story log cabin, and surorunded it by
a high fence or not too tall stockade. Many of the settlers at Wolf Creek
were realtive newcomers, having arrived with the opening of the tracts in 1789
or 1790. And worse yet, they had neglected to build a
blockhouse.
-----
As the settelrs arrived with their possessions, Rogers
commandeered the kettles and pots, and had them filed with water from Wolf Creek
as protection against fire. Rogers posted a sentry outside of the cabin and
inside of the wall. The two story cabin's door was barred, and the windows
shuttered. With Rogers, and Layton, there were seven men present- incluidng
their friend Samuel Mitchel who was planing on returning to his hunting camp the
enxt day. They took up positions on the second floor loft, and poked out
portions of the chinking to make loopholes for firing.
Rogers thought
they should run the risk of fewer men, and rely more on the "safety" of the
walled cabin. Samuel Mitchel was sent out under the cover of darkness to give
the alarm down at Waterford, while two runners being of the most active and
brave sort, were sent down to Marietta.
Just before dawn, the sentry
spied Indians in the darkness, milling around the saw mill, and heard the
creaking of Indians inside from its loose floor boards. Then they drifted toward
Oliver's "fort". But finding the inhabitants awake, and with a sentry on
duty, they were discouraged, and left. Meanwhile, Mitchel had arrived at
the nearest cabin, near the mouth of Wolf Creek at the Muskingum, belonging to
Harry Maxon. Maxon was in Marietta for the court session, but Mitchel
found Mrs. Maxon and Major Tyler who loved with them. They gathered up a
few prized posessions, crossed over the ice and headed down the east side of the
Muskingum to Waterford.
,The first cabin they came to was that of the
Widow Convers, in what is now the center of modern Beverly, OH, and whose
husband had died of small pox the year before leaving her and eight
children. Of the children, the two oldest were sons, James a young man,
and Daniel, a lad of 15 (who would later be captured by Indians as I previously
had shared.). Within an hour later, James and Daniel had given the alarm to
every cabin at Waterford, extending its whole length of two miles along the
river.
With all haste, the settlers grabbed up their prized possessions,
tied their watch dogs to their cabin doors to give alarms, and in the night had
assembled at Waterford's small blockhouse which had been built at the southern
end of the donation lots. The blockhouse was better than nothing. It was
about 15 feet square on the first floor, but managed to hold twelve families
above and below, of 67 people.
Before dawn, spies were sent out to find
signs of Indians. They found none. During the day, families with armed
guards went back to their cabins for food which they had had no time to take the
night before in their haste.
As it were, the escape of the Ballard
brothers from Big Bototm, had alarted the settlers, and their being forted up
and ready, foiled the Indians' plan of raiding one cabin at a time.
The
next day, January 4, 1791, the spies again reported no sign of the Indians, who
were far easier to see now due to the snow on the ground. Captain Rogers
organized a party to go to Big Bottom. As they came up the trail, they saw
the blockhouse without its roof. Inside the sooted but not burned beech walls of
the blockhouse, they found the burned but not consumed bodies of the
settlers. They were so burned that they could not be recognized. The
only corpse they could identify was that of William James, his being a stout man
of notable six foot, four inches tall. Outside the ground was frozen
solid, and they had only a few shovels even if they could have dug graves.
The decision was made to dig a mass grave in the still warm ash and ember
covered floor of the blockhouse.
Big Bottom would remain empty, due to
its isolated position, until after the Indian Wars. Today, just outside of
Stockport, OH, it is maintianed as a picnic ground state memorial."